Prevalence study of Diabetes Mellitus

Dr. Ramesh Ingole, Dr. Sayyed Sikandar*, Borde R. S, Kolhe S. B,  Kotlapure P. N, Jogdand A. K, Jadhav. K. M, Dagdu. D. R, Manolikar. M. M, Nadre. V. A,

Gabale. S. A

Department Of Pharmacology, DJP’S College of Pharmacy, At. Pohetakli, Tq. Pathri, Dist. Parbhani – 431506, Maharashtra, India

 

*sikandarsayyed1997@gmail.com

DOI: https://doi.org/10.71431/IJRPAS.2025.4616

Article Information		Abstract
Research Article Received: 04/06/2025 Accepted: 14/06/2025 Published: 30/06/2025   Keywords Type 1 & 2 diabetes mellitus; prevalence; screening;  random blood sugar; rural health.		Diabetes mellitus, particularly type 1 & 2, poses a growing public health concern in developing nations such as Nepal and India. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at RP Hospital, Parbhani, from January to March 2025, to assess the prevalence of type 1 & 2 diabetes among individuals attending a medical camp. A total of 114 participants aged above 14 years were assessed using random blood sugar (RBS) testing and a brief interview covering lifestyle factors. The study found a type 2 diabetes prevalence rate of 4.38%, with a slightly higher occurrence in males (2.63%) than females (1.75%). Elevated RBS levels were more common among individuals with mild physical activity, those with higher BMI, and alcohol consumers. The study highlights the significant presence of undiagnosed diabetes in suburban and rural areas and underscores the need for early screening and preventive interventions, especially among high-risk groups such as overweight individuals. Early diagnosis and lifestyle modifications can play a crucial role in reducing the burden of diabetes and its complications in underserved populations.

 

INTRODUCTION:

Type 1 Diabetes

Diabetes is a health problem on the rise in developing countries like Nepal. Frequently in the suburban and pastoral areas, patients are diagnosed in the late stages with complications. The goal of this study is to find out the frequence of diabetes type 2 in a RP hospital, parbhani.[1]

Fig. 1 – Blood Glucose Level

Type 2  Diabetes

The reason behind a global rise in the occurrence of type 2 diabetes mellitus may be due to advanced average life expectation, boosting trend of a sedentary culture, or an overall lack of physical exercise. WHO states that global commonness is about 9 of the adult population in 2014. Further than 80 diabetic-affiliated death occurs in low and middle- income countries. The transnational diabetic alliance estimates that one- fifth of all diabetic in the world live in South East Asia. WHO projected that diabetes will the seventh leading cause of death in the world in 2013 and not shockingly we dread that it’ll keep rising in.[3]

Presently, DM screen is occasional in pastoral areas hence boosting the burden of undetected cases. Beforehand intervention of these cases could deplete diabetes- related complications.

The aim of this trance is to determine the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus among the people attending medical camp in a RP clinic.[4]

Fig. 2 – Diabetes Prevention

TYPE 1 DIABETES

METHODS:

This is a descriptivecross-sectional study done in a RP hospital from January to March of 2025 after ethical clearance from the institutional review committee of RP Medical College. Accessible sampling fashion was used. Glucometer using glucose sticks is used to measure arbitrary blood sugar rank and applicable questions were asked in a short interview. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social knowledges 20 performance.[2]

Fig. 3 - Insulin Resistance

RESULTS:

Out of a whole of 114 people, the commonness of type 2 diabetes mellitus was 5( 4.38). Among those 5( 4.385) people with type 2 diabetes mellitus, 2( 1.75) were womanish and 3( 2.63) were manly. The minimal age of the patient was 17 periods and the maximum age was 92 generations. Five out of 95 patients with mild physical activity had arbitrary blood sugar further than 200 mg/ dl and five out of 46 alcoholic patients had arbitrary blood sugar positions further than 200 mg/ dl. Only 1 out of 26 smokers had a arbitrary blood sugar standing of further than 200 mg/ dl.

INFERENCE:

Commonness of diabetes mellitus type 2 in our study population is enough high. Early detection of diabetes mellitus type 2 can be a good screen tool for early treatment and averting of complications.

Keywords: diabetes mellitus, prevalence, screening

Other types of diabetes 1. Diabetes LADA

2. Diabetes MODY

3. Brittle diabetes

4. Diabetes insipidus

5. Neonatal diabetes mellitus

5. Mixed pathologies in T1DM with obesity and insulin Resistance

Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disorder where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. This leads to a deficiency in insulin, a hormone essential for regulating blood sugar levels. Without sufficient insulin, blood sugar levels rise, resulting in hyperglycemia.

Symptoms of Type 1 Diabetes

The onset of type 1 diabetes can be sudden, with symptoms appearing over a short period. Common signs include:

1.      Frequent urination (polyuria): Increased urination, including bedwetting in children who were previously toilet-trained.

2.      Increased thirst (polydipsia): Excessive thirst due to dehydration from frequent urination.

3.      Unexplained weight loss: Despite normal or increased eating, weight loss occurs as the body breaks down fat and muscle for energy.

4.      Fatigue and weakness: Feeling tired or weak due to the body's inability to utilize glucose effectively.

5.      Blurred vision: High blood sugar levels can cause fluid to be pulled from tissues, including the lenses of the eyes, affecting the ability to focus.

6.      Nausea and vomiting: These can occur as a result of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a serious complication of type 1 diabetes.

7.      Fruity-smelling breath: A sign of DKA, where the body produces high levels of blood acids called ketones.

8.      Dry mouth and itchy skin: Due to dehydration from high blood sugar levels.

9.      It's important to note that if left untreated, type 1 diabetes can lead to serious complications such as diabetic ketoacidosis, nerve damage, kidney damage, and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, early diagnosis and management are crucial.

10.  If you or someone you know is experiencing these symptoms, it's essential to consult a healthcare professional promptly for evaluation and appropriate management.

Understanding the Early Indicators of Type 1 Diabetes (T1D)

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune condition where the body's immune system attacks insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Interestingly, the process leading to T1D begins well before clinical symptoms appear, often years in advance. Identifying these early signs is crucial for timely intervention and management.

Early Decline in Insulin Secretion

One of the earliest indicators of T1D is a gradual reduction in insulin secretion. Studies have shown that the first-phase insulin response, which is the initial burst of insulin released after glucose intake, starts to decline approximately 1 to 2 years before the clinical onset of T1D. This decline accelerates as the disease progresses .

Altered C-Peptide Dynamics

C-peptide is a byproduct of insulin production and serves as a reliable marker for endogenous insulin secretion. In the preclinical stages of T1D, there's a noticeable change in C-peptide responses during oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs). Initially, there's a decrease in the early-phase C-peptide response, followed by an increase in the late-phase response. However, as the disease progresses, both early and late-phase C-peptide levels decline, indicating a loss of beta-cell function .

Glucose Variability and Dysglycemia

Even before reaching diabetic thresholds, individuals at risk for T1D often exhibit dysglycemia—abnormal blood glucose levels. This includes impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance, which can be detected through routine blood tests. Monitoring these parameters can help identify individuals at higher risk of developing T1D .

The Role of HbA1c

Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is a marker that reflects average blood glucose levels over the past 2 to 3 months. In individuals progressing toward T1D, HbA1c levels may begin to rise within the normal range, even before overt symptoms appear. A significant increase in HbA1c can be a predictive marker for the onset of T1D .

Anticipating Disease Progression

By combining assessments of insulin secretion (via C-peptide), glucose tolerance (through OGTTs), HbA1c levels, and monitoring for dysglycemia, healthcare providers can more accurately predict the onset of T1D in at-risk individuals. Early detection allows for interventions that may slow disease progression and improve long-term health outcomes.

If you're interested in more detailed information or resources on monitoring and managing early signs of T1D, feel free to ask.

Type 2 Diabetes: A Comprehensive Overview

Definition and Mechanism

Type 2 diabetes mellitus, commonly known as adult-onset diabetes, is a chronic condition characterized by the body's inability to effectively utilize insulin, a phenomenon known as insulin resistance. Over time, the pancreas may also produce insufficient insulin. This combination leads to elevated blood glucose levels.

Prevalence

Globally, type 2 diabetes affects approximately 5–7% of the population. In India, the prevalence is notably high, with an estimated 8.9% of adults affected, translating to over 70 million individuals. The incidence is rising, particularly in urban areas, due to lifestyle changes and increased life expectancy.

Risk Factors

Several factors increase the likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes:

·         Age: Individuals over 45 years are at higher risk.

·         Obesity: Excess body fat, especially abdominal fat, contributes significantly to insulin resistance.

·         Physical Inactivity: Lack of regular exercise impairs glucose metabolism.

·         Family History: Having a first-degree relative with diabetes increases risk.

·         Ethnicity: Certain populations, including South Asians, are more predisposed.

·         Gestational Diabetes: Women who had diabetes during pregnancy are at higher risk.

·         Hypertension and Dyslipidemia: High blood pressure and abnormal cholesterol levels are associated with increased risk.

Symptoms

Type 2 diabetes often develops gradually, and symptoms may be subtle. Common signs include:

1.      Increased thirst and frequent urination

2.      Fatigue

3.      Blurred vision

4.      Slow-healing wounds

5.      Frequent infections

6.      Areas of darkened skin, particularly in the armpits and neck

Management

While type 2 diabetes is a lifelong condition, it can be managed effectively through:

·         Dietary Modifications: Adopting a balanced diet rich in fiber, whole grains, and healthy fats.

·         Regular Physical Activity: Engaging in at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week.

·         Medications: Oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin therapy, as prescribed by a healthcare provider.

·         Monitoring Blood Glucose Levels: Regular checks to ensure glucose levels remain within target range.

·         Weight Management: Achieving and maintaining a healthy weight to improve insulin sensitivity.

Prevention

Type 2 diabetes is largely preventable. Key preventive measures include:

·         Healthy Eating: Emphasizing fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains.

·         Regular Exercise: Incorporating physical activity into daily routines.

·         Weight Control: Maintaining a healthy weight through balanced diet and exercise.

·         Regular Screening: Especially for those with risk factors, to detect prediabetes or early-stage diabetes.

Inference

Type 2 diabetes is a significant public health concern, but with early detection and proactive management, individuals can lead healthy lives. Regular check-ups, a healthy lifestyle, and adherence to medical advice are crucial in managing and preventing the progression of the disease.

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM): A Comprehensive Overview

What is Gestational Diabetes?

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is a condition characterized by elevated blood glucose levels that develop during pregnancy and typically resolve after childbirth. Unlike pre-existing diabetes, GDM arises due to hormonal changes during pregnancy that impair insulin function, leading to insulin resistance. This condition affects approximately 3 to 8 percent of pregnancies .

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of GDM is not fully understood, but several factors increase the likelihood of its development:

·         Hormonal Changes: During pregnancy, the placenta produces hormones that can interfere with insulin's effectiveness, leading to insulin resistance.

·         Obesity: Being overweight or obese before pregnancy increases the risk of GDM.

·         Age: Women over the age of 25 are at higher risk.

·         Ethnicity: Higher prevalence is observed among African American, Hispanic, Native American, and Asian American women.

·         Family History: A family history of diabetes can increase risk.

·         Previous GDM: Having had GDM in a previous pregnancy raises the risk in subsequent pregnancies.

Symptoms

GDM often presents without noticeable symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they may include:

·         Increased thirst

·         Frequent urination

·         Fatigue

·         Blurred vision

·         Frequent infections

·         However, these symptoms are common in pregnancy and may not necessarily indicate GDM.

Diagnosis

Screening for GDM is typically conducted between the 24th and 28th weeks of pregnancy. The standard test involves drinking a glucose solution followed by blood tests to measure glucose levels. If results are abnormal, further testing is done to confirm the diagnosis .

Complications

If not properly managed, GDM can lead to various complications for both mother and baby:

For the Baby:

·         Excessive birth weight (macrosomia), increasing the risk of birth injuries and the need for a cesarean section.

·         Premature birth and respiratory distress syndrome.

·         Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) shortly after birth.

·         Increased risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes later in life.

 

For the Mother:

·         Increased risk of high blood pressure and preeclampsia.

·         Higher likelihood of requiring a cesarean delivery.

·         Elevated risk of developing type 2 diabetes in the future .

Management

Managing GDM involves:

·         Monitoring Blood Glucose: Regular checks to ensure levels remain within target ranges.

·         Dietary Changes: Adopting a balanced diet rich in fiber and low in refined sugars.

·         Physical Activity: Engaging in regular, moderate exercise as advised by a healthcare provider.

·         Medications: If necessary, insulin therapy or oral medications may be prescribed.

·         Postpartum Follow-up: Testing for diabetes 6 to 12 weeks after delivery and regular screenings thereafter.

Prevention

While GDM cannot always be prevented, maintaining a healthy weight, staying physically active, and eating a balanced diet before and during pregnancy can reduce the risk. Women who have had GDM should be monitored regularly for type 2 diabetes .

Inference

Gestational diabetes is a serious condition that requires careful management to ensure the health of both mother and baby. Early detection and appropriate treatment can significantly reduce the risk of complications. If you are pregnant or planning to become pregnant, consult your healthcare provider about screening for GDM and steps to maintain a healthy pregnancy.

Types of Diabetes – In Simple Language

LADA (Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults)

LADA is a slow-developing form of type 1 diabetes that starts in adulthood.It is caused by the immune system attacking insulin-producing cells.At first, people may not need insulin, which makes it look like type 2 diabetes.However, over time, they become dependent on insulin.This is sometimes called "type 1.5 diabetes."

MODY (Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young)

MODY is a rare form of diabetes that runs in families.It usually appears in teens or young adults.It is caused by a genetic change (mutation) that affects how the pancreas makes insulin.People with MODY don’t show signs of insulin resistance or autoimmune issues.They often still make some of their own insulin.

Double Diabetes

This is when someone, usually a child or teen, shows signs of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.They have the autoimmune features of type 1 diabetes (like needing insulin).But they also have risk factors for type 2, such as being overweight or having insulin resistance.

Brittle Diabetes

This is a rare and severe form of type 1 diabetes.Blood sugar levels swing wildly, often without clear reasons.It can cause frequent low blood sugar or diabetic ketoacidosis.It’s hard to manage and affects quality of life.Mostly seen in young women with type 1 diabetes.

Diabetes Insipidus

Despite the name, this is not related to blood sugar.It happens when the body can’t control water balance properly.The hormone vasopressin (AVP), which helps the kidneys save water, is missing or not working.This leads to frequent urination and extreme thirst.The urine is very dilute (mostly water) and produced in large amounts.

Type 1 Diabetes: A Simplified Overview

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a complex autoimmune condition where the body's immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. This leads to a lifelong need for insulin therapy.

Genetics and Risk Factors

Genetic predisposition plays a significant role in T1D development. The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes, particularly HLA-DR3 and HLA-DR4-DQ8, are strongly associated with increased risk. However, not everyone with these genetic markers develops T1D, indicating that other factors are involved. Environmental triggers, such as viral infections, may initiate the autoimmune process in genetically susceptible individuals.

Pathogenesis

The onset of T1D involves the infiltration of immune cells into the pancreatic islets, a process known as insulitis. This infiltration leads to the destruction of beta cells, resulting in insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia. Interestingly, some individuals may retain a small number of functional beta cells for years after diagnosis, suggesting that the disease process can be heterogeneous.

Therapeutic Strategies

Current treatments focus on insulin replacement therapy. However, research is ongoing to develop therapies that can modify the immune response or promote beta cell regeneration. For instance, teplizumab, an anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody, has shown promise in delaying the onset of T1D in individuals at high risk. Additionally, oral insulin therapy has been explored as a means to induce immune tolerance, though results have been mixed.

The Role of Individuals with T1D

Patients and their families play a crucial role in advancing T1D research. Their participation in clinical trials, advocacy for research funding, and adoption of new technologies have been instrumental in driving progress. Their experiences provide valuable insights that help shape future therapeutic approaches.

In conclusion, while significant strides have been made in understanding and treating T1D, it remains a heterogeneous disease with many unanswered questions. Continued research and collaboration between scientists, clinicians, and patients are essential to unravel the complexities of T1D and develop more effective treatments.

Diagnostic Test for Gestational Diabetes:

The O’Sullivan Test

The O’Sullivan test is a screening method to detect gestational diabetes in pregnant women. It involves drinking a 50g glucose solution without the need for fasting, followed by a blood test one hour later. If the blood glucose level is higher than 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L), further testing, such as a 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test, may be recommended to confirm the diagnosis .

Treatment Options for Type 1 Diabetes

People with type 1 diabetes cannot produce insulin and must rely on insulin therapy to manage their blood sugar levels. Treatment approaches include:

Conventional Therapy: Involves two daily injections of mixed insulin (a combination of rapid-acting and intermediate-acting insulin) before breakfast and dinner.

Multiple Daily Injections (MDI): Includes injections of rapid-acting insulin before meals and intermediate- or long-acting insulin once or twice a day.

Insulin Pump Therapy (Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion - CSII): Utilizes a pump to deliver continuous rapid-acting insulin throughout the day, with additional doses around meals. Studies have shown that CSII can improve blood sugar control and quality of life compared to MDI .

Treatment Approaches for Type 2 Diabetes

Managing type 2 diabetes involves a combination of lifestyle changes and, if necessary, medication. Key factors influencing treatment include:

·         Body Weight: Maintaining a healthy weight through diet and exercise can improve insulin sensitivity.

·         Eating Habits: Adopting a balanced diet rich in whole grains, vegetables, and lean proteins helps regulate blood sugar levels.

·         Physical Activity: Engaging in regular exercise, such as walking or swimming, enhances insulin effectiveness .

·         Blood Glucose Levels: Monitoring blood sugar levels regularly to adjust treatment as needed.

·         Medication: If lifestyle changes are insufficient, medications like metformin or insulin may be prescribed.

In some cases, significant weight loss and lifestyle modifications can lead to remission, where blood sugar levels return to normal without medication .

TYPE 2 DIEBETES

METHODS :

This was the descriptivecross-sectional study conducted in a RP clinic from January 2025 to March 2025 after taking ethical blessing from the Institutional Review panel of RP Medical College. The patients with age above 14 periods who come for arbitrary blood sugar level testing in a medical health camp and gave leave for the study were studied. Patients with a history of diabetes mellitus, children below 14 times of age, and pregnant women are counted from the study. Glucometer with glucose sticks was used to measure the arbitrary blood sugar degree. After explaining the purpose, account, and procedure in detail a written informed allowance was carried from all the players. Demographic data like weight, height, smoking, use of alcohol, obesity, physical exercise, family history of diabetes mellitus are all recorded. Accessible sample was done and the sample size was calculated using the formula.[6]

N= Z2 × p × (1-p) /e2

= (1.96)2 × 0.08 (1-0.08) / (0.05)2

= 113

Where,

N= Sample size

P= Prevalence of type 2 diabetes5

E= Margin of error

Z= 1.96 at 95% Confidence Interval (CI).

The advised minimum sample size was 113, yet, the total sample size taken was 114. Selection and information bias was minimized as much as possible by collecting data in the rightly predesigned preform. Data analysis was done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences- 20 version.[7]

RESULTS :

Out of 114 participants, the overall commonness of diabetes mellitus was begin to be 5( 4.38). In our study, the youthful patient was 17 years of age and the eldest was 92 years of age( mean 41.05 years). The shortest was 1.42 m and the altitudinous patients were 1.79 m in height( mean 1.59 m). The minimal weight of the patients was 40 kg and the maximum weight of the patients was 120 kg( mean 62.39 kg). The minimal BMI of the patients was 17.3 kg/ m2 and the maximum was 41 kg/ m2( mean 24.36 kg/ m2). The minimal arbitrary blood sugar( RBS) was 69 mg/ dl and the maximum was 318 mg/ dl( mean 119.26 mg/ dl).

Among the 5 beings with RBS> = 200, 2( 1.8) were womanish and 3( 2.6) were manly in the study( Table 1).

Table 1. Gender wise random blood sugar.

		Female n (%)	Male n (%)	Total n (%)
RBS	<200	69	40	109
(mg%)		(60.5)	(35.1)	(95.6)
	>=200	2 (1.8)	3 (2.6)	5 (4.4)

 

Table 2. Random blood sugar and intensity of daily work.

 

Five( 4.4) with mild physical exercise had a blood sugar level of further than 200 mg/ dl while patients with 15( 13.2) moderate or 4( 3.5) vigorous diurnal activities had no one withrandom blood glucose level further than 200 mg/ dl( Table 2).

Five( 4.4) out of 114 participators with BMI above normal had arbitrary blood sugar further than 200 mg/ dl. All light beings and objects with normal BMI were begin to have RBS< 200 mg/ dl. 46( 92) of fat beings had RBS< 200 mg/ dl. One( 50) of the cases in the obesity class I had normal RBS and all the patients in the fat class III group had a normal RBS, though this finding can not accurately represent their respectivegroup in the community since only 3 individuals were studied.

Table 3. BMI classification and random blood sugar.

		RBS <200 n (%)	RBS >=200 n (%)	Total n (%)
BMI Classification	Under weight	4 (3.5)	0	4 (3.5)
	Normal	57 (50)	0	1.           57 (50)
	Over-	46	4 (3.5)	50
	weight	(40.3)		(43.8)
	Obesity Class I	1 (0.9)	1 (0.9)	2 (1.8)
	Obesity Class II	0	0	0
	Obesity Class III	1 (0.9)	0	1 (0.9)
Total		109 (95.6)	5 (4.4)	114 (100)

 

 Among the 46 participants who consumed alcohol, 5( 10.9) people had an RBS of> = 200 while 68( 100) participants who did n’t consume alcohol had a normal RBS. In addition, 1( 3.85) participants who smoked tobacco and 4.( 4.54) participants who did n’t smoke tobacco had an RBS of> = 200

 

Table 4. Random blood sugar and a history of alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking

		RBS <200n (%)	RBS >=200 n (%)	Total n (%)
Alcohol	Yes	41 (36)	5 (4.4)	46
				(40.4)
	No	68	0	68
		(59.6)		(59.6)
Smoking	Yes	25	(0.9)	26
		(21.9)		(22.8)
	No	84	4(3.5)	88

 DISCUSSION

Ajay R Solanke et al. conducted a study 2024 and concluded that the number of people with diabetes is increasing due to population growth, aging, and urbanization and increasing prevalence of obesity and physical inactivity and prevalence of diabetes are advanced in men than women but there are further women with diabetes than men. Ganesh SA, et al. study showed that the prevalence of diabetes in Southern part of parbhani was 11.8 which was advanced than the being prevalence of 10.4 and concluded that further awareness creation, screening, and preventative measures need to be targeted in the population to reduce the disease burden. Singh PS et al study showed that there’s a high prevalence of[8]

Type 2 diabetes in a pastoral area of parbhani district, study showed that diabetes caused 1.6 million( 2.8) death in 2015, up from 1.0 million( 1.8) death in 2000. Ramesh et al. study also showed a high prevalence of type 2 diabetes is advanced than the existing documented prevalence. Hence, further awareness creation and preventative measures need to be employed in the target population to reduce the disease burden.[9]

A study conducted in a pastoral area of pohetakli Village, pathri in 2024 by Sikandar shaikh showed that the awareness should be created among the pastoral population of Indian village and this can be done by conducting health camp and issuing the pamphlets in the pastoral areas where the awareness is very low. Thecross-sectional study conducted in pastoral area of parbhni district by Dr Rameshwar S Naik in 2025.

Showed that mass screening for diabetes, not only provides benefits from a clinical standpoint but also helps to estimate the prevalence and hidden burden of diseases, demonstrates the exponential rise in diabetes and prompt epidemiologists to explore the affiliated etiological mechanisms and picky screening of people aged above 40 years can have a advanced of diabetic cases as evidenced in study.[10]

The study conducted in maharashtra in 2025 by Dr Vikas U. Kole. Result showed that type 2 diabetes is currently a high- burden disease in parbhani, suggesting a possible area of deliberately expanding preventative interventions as well as efforts to control the disease over weight, patients were found to be more prone to develop diabetes mellitus in comparison tonon-obese patients which is also indicated in the other studies. A prevalence study done in R.P. Hospital, Parbhani in 2024 by Dr Aakanksha S Borde, et al. showed that a significant epidemic of diabetes is present in the Parbhani region with a rapid-fire increase in the prevalence over the last two decades. Hence, it was suggested for an critical need for preventative and restorative strategies. A study was done in parbhani district in maharashtra in 2025 highlights a significant burden of undiagnosed cases of diabetes in the community and this indicates the need for systemic screening and awareness programs to identify the undiagnosed cases in the community and offer early lifestyle modification, treatment and regular follow up to similar individuals. A study was done by Sunil Kharat, et al. showed that the prevalence of diabetes, IFG, and their risk factors are high among the pastoral population of Kolar indicating the impending diabetic epidemic in pastoral areas. Undiagnosed diabetes, which is a retired danger, is high among pastoral areas.[11]

Inference

Our result indicated that diabetes mellitus type 2 has a analogous prevalence in suburban and pastoral areas of parbhani Since diabetes mellitus is a preventable disease if identified and treated early, regular screening of individuals with effective management at low cost can decrease the public burden and improve the quality of life. In addition, high RBS seems to be current in people whose BMI falls fat and beyond and as similar should be the primary targets of regular DM screening.

Conflicts of Interest:

None.

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