A Comparative Study
of Ferrous Ascorbate
and Ferrous Fumarate
in Treating Iron
Deficiency Anaemia during
Pregnancy: Efficacy and
Safety analysis
Mudigonda Sowjanya*, Nishad, Fariya, Malla Rajeshwari, Dr. K. Lakshmi Surekha
Department of
pharmacy practice, Marri
Laxman Reddy institute
of Pharmacy, Dundigal,
Hyderabad, Telangana, 500043
*Correspondence: mudigonda.sowjanya2@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.71431/IJRPAS.2025.4204
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Article Information
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|
Abstract
|
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Research Article
Received: 31/01/2025
Accepted: 22/02/2025
Published: 01/03/2025
Keywords
Iron deficiency
anaemia; haemoglobin;
ferrous ascorbate;
ferrous fumarate
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Introduction: Iron
deficiency anaemia is
the most common
type of anaemia
in pregnant women.
Due to extra
demands during pregnancy,
they are more
susceptible to anaemia.
The demand of
iron is generally
low in the
first trimester and
high in the
third trimester. In
India 90% of
anaemia’s are caused
due to iron
deficiency. Aim and
Objectives: To compare
the safety and
efficacy of ferrous
ascorbate and ferrous
fumarate in the
treatment of iron
deficiency anaemia in
pregnant women and
to and to
assess its cost
effectiveness ratio. Materials
and Methodology: About
118 subjects were
included in the
study based on
the study criteria.
They were divided
randomly into two
groups with 59
subjects each. Group
A received ferrous
ascorbate 100mg twice
daily and Group
B received ferrous
fumarate 100mg twice
daily for 60
days. Microsoft Excel
was used to
perform paired t-test
and to calculate
mean, standard deviation,
confidence interval and
p-value.
Results: There
was a significant
rise in the
mean Hb level
from 9.74 ±
0.91 and 10.43
± 0.38 to
11.49 ± 0.84
and 11.36 ±
1.15 in groups
A and B
respectively (p= <0.001).
11 subjects from
group A and
7 subjects from
group B showed
minor gastrointestinal side
effects.
Conclusion: Individuals administered with
ferrous ascorbate exhibited
a significant increase
in crucial blood
parameters. But ferrous
fumarate showed slightly
low side effects
and cost effectiveness ratio
compared to that
of ferrous ascorbate.
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INTRODUCTION
Anaemia is
a common medical
complication during pregnancy,
characterized by haemoglobin
(Hb) levels below
11 g/dl, according
to the World
Health Organization (WHO).
This condition reduces
oxygen delivery to
body tissues, affecting
socioeconomic development and
individual health. Pregnant
women and young
children are disproportionately affected,
with global prevalence
rates of 41.8%
and 30.2% among
pregnant and non-pregnant
women, respectively. Significant
disparities exist, with
14% prevalence in
industrialized nations and
51% in underdeveloped ones.
Notably, India accounts
for approximately 80%
of maternal anaemia-related fatalities
in South Asia,
making it a
high-prevalence nation for
anaemia worldwide.[1]
Pregnancy increases
the risk of
anaemia due to
extra demands on
the body.[2] Physiological
changes, particularly in
blood circulation, support
fetal development but
also dilute haemoglobin
levels. Anaemia occurs
when red blood
cells (RBCs) decrease,
impairing oxygen delivery,
potentially causing severe
problems. RBC production
relies on bone
marrow and essential
nutrients like iron,
folic acid, and
vitamin B12. Lack of these
components or accelerated
RBC loss can
lead to anaemia.[2,3]
Anaemia is
categorized into four
severity levels based
on haemoglobin (Hb)
levels: Mild anaemia
(Hb: 10.0-10.9 g/dl),
Moderate anaemia (Hb:
7.0-9.0 g/dl), Severe
anaemia (Hb: 4.0-6.9
g/dl), and Very
severe anaemia (Hb:
< 4.0 g/dl).[2]
Chronic mild anaemia
reduces women's work
capacity, especially in
manual labour. Moderate
anaemia (Hb <
8 gm/dl) impairs
household management, childcare,
and work, increasing
risks of premature
birth, underweight newborns,
and maternal mortality.
Severe anaemia (Hb
< 5 gm/dl)
leads to cardiac
decompensation, circulatory failure,
and pulmonary oedema.
In India, anaemia
accounts for 20%
of maternal mortality
and 20% of
indirect deaths. Haemoglobin
levels below 8
gm/dl increase morbidity
risks, while levels
below 5 gm/dl
substantially increase mortality
rates, emphasizing the
need for timely
intervention.[2]
Anaemia of
that occurs frequently
during pregnancy include:
vitamin B12 deficiency
anaemia, folate deficiency
anaemia and iron
deficiency anaemia. Iron
deficiency anaemia is
common in pregnant
women due to increased
iron requirements. During
pregnancy, iron needs
skyrocket to produce
more red blood
cells, support fetal-placental growth,
expand plasma volume,
and compensate for
post-delivery iron loss.
Since iron is
essential for oxygen
delivery, electron transport,
and enzymatic activities,
its deficiency can
malfunction high metabolic
cells.[4,5]
Iron is
crucial for enzyme
function and oxygen
transport in the
mother-placental-fetal unit during
pregnancy. It's essential
for haemoglobin, cytochromes,
and myoglobin, supporting
oxygen delivery and
ATP synthesis. Fetal
oxygen demand is
high, especially for
brain development (60%
of total demand).[5]
Iron deficiency is
common, affecting approximately
80% of pregnant
women in low-
and middle-income nations
and 45% in
well-resourced countries, highlighting
the need for
early intervention.[5]
During pregnancy,
a 55kg woman
requires approximately 1000-1200mg
of iron, divided
among: placental and
fetal development (350mg),
increased red cell
mass (500mg), post-delivery
blood loss (250mg).
Iron needs are
lower in the
first trimester (0.8mg/day)
and higher in the third
trimester (3.1-7.5mg/day). The
foetus and placenta
also require iron
for growth and
oxygen transport. However,
40% of women
start pregnancy with
depleted iron stores,
and 90% have
insufficient stores (<500mg),
leading to iron
deficiency anaemia (IDA)
if untreated, posing
significant risks to
mother and foetus.[4,5]
Iron is
crucial for human
survival, with 70%
bound to haemoglobin.
Heme iron (animal
products) is absorbed
more efficiently than
nonheme iron (plants,
grains). Ascorbic acid
enhances absorption, while
phytates, polyphenols, and
calcium inhibit it.
Red meat is
a significant heme
iron source, and
iron balance relies
on dietary absorption.[6]
Iron deficiency
anaemia (IDA) in
pregnancy poses serious
risks, including morbidity,
fetal death, and
maternal complications. Symptoms
include pallor, breathing
issues, and fatigue.
IDA also increases
postpartum depression, haemorrhage,
pre-eclampsia, and infections.
Severity of IDA
correlates with maternal
mortality, low birth
weight, and preterm
delivery risks, emphasizing
urgent need for
detection and treatment.[7]
The primary
treatment for iron-deficiency anaemia
in pregnancy is
oral iron supplementation, with
the Institute of
Medicine recommending 30-120mg
of elemental iron
daily. Common oral
iron treatments include
ferrous ascorbate, gluconate,
sulphate, and fumarate.[8]
However, nearly half
of pregnant women
experience adverse effects
like constipation, nausea,
epigastric pain, and
vomiting, which can
reduce tolerance and
delay treatment.[9,10]
Parenteral iron
therapy (iron dextran,
iron sucrose, ferric
carboxy maltose) is
reserved for severe
iron-deficiency anaemia cases,
malabsorption syndromes, or
intolerance to oral
iron. It quickly
replenishes iron reserves,
especially beneficial for pregnant women
near term.[8] However,
its use is
limited due to
higher costs and
potential risks.[9]
To enhance
iron intake, encourage
consumption of heme
iron-rich foods like
chicken, fish, and
red meat, considering
individual dietary preferences.
Avoid meals centred
on legumes or
plain cereal due
to phytates that
inhibit iron absorption.
Processing techniques like
germination, soaking, and
fermentation can reduce
phytates.[9] Non-heme iron
sources include vegetables,
fruits, grain products,
dry legumes, and
nuts, which should
be consumed separately
from phytate-rich foods
to optimize absorption.[6]
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study
was carried out in Out-Patient
facilities of the
Department of Obstetrics
and Gynaecology, Arundhati
Institute of Medical
Sciences and Hospital,
Dundigal, Gandimaisamma, Medchal
Makagiri - district,500043. Our
study was conducted
for six months
(July 2023 to December 2023).
Subjects were included
in the study
based on the
study criteria, and
after explaining the
purpose of the
study, a signature
was obtained on
the Inform Consent
Form. Before starting
of the study
patient details will
be collected from
treatment chart, patient's
profile and by
communicating with the
patient. Follow up
was be done
after 60days. The
collected data was
entered in excel
sheets and appropriate
statistical test was used.
Inclusion criteria:
·
Antenatal
women (>14weeks of
gestation) in Out-Patient
facilities of the
Department of Obstetrics
and Gynaecology diagnosed
with iron deficiency
anaemia.
·
Include
the patients who
have no other
co-morbidities.
·
Patients
of age 18-40
years.
Exclusion criteria:
·
Antenatal
women with complications
such as hemoglobinopathies, acute
malaria, severe gastrointestinal disorders,
and with history
of oral iron
intolerance.
·
Patients
not willing to
participate in the
study.
Sample size: About
118 subjects were
included in the
study based on
the study criteria.
They were divided
randomly into two
groups with 59
subjects each.
Group A: Subjects received
ferrous ascorbate (FeA)
100mg twice daily.
Group B: Subjects received
ferrous fumarate (FeF)
100mg twice daily.
Follow-up was
done after 60
days of therapy.
Statistical tools:
We used
Microsoft Excel to
perform paired t-test.
We calculated mean,
standard deviation, confidence
interval and p-value
using excel. Paired
t-test: It is
a statistical test
used to compare
the means of
the same group
or items under
two separate scenarios.
P-value less than
0.05 was considered
statistically significant.
RESULTS
About 118
subjects were included
in the study
based on the
study criteria. Their
baseline demographics such
as age, education,
occupation, residence, diet,
gravida, severity of
anaemia and gestational
age (in weeks)
are given in
table 1 and
table 2.
Table 1:
Demographic details of
the subjects that
are included in
the study
|
Parameters
|
Category
|
Number of
subjects (N=118)
|
|
Age
|
<20 years
|
22
|
|
21-25 years
|
53
|
|
26-30 years
|
24
|
|
31-35 years
|
15
|
|
>35 years
|
4
|
|
Education
|
School/ intermediate
|
59
|
|
Graduate
|
35
|
|
Postgraduate
|
12
|
|
Illiterate
|
12
|
|
Occupation
|
Housewife
|
78
|
|
Employee
|
40
|
|
Residence
|
Rural
|
51
|
|
urban
|
67
|
Table 2: Demographic details
of the subjects
that are included
in the study
|
Parameters
|
Category
|
Number of
subjects (N=118)
|
|
Diet
|
Vegetarian
|
27
|
|
Non- vegetarian
|
91
|
|
Gravida
|
Primigravida
|
26
|
|
Multigravida
|
92
|
|
Severity of
anaemia
|
Mild (Hb
10-10.9g/dl)
|
82
|
|
Moderate (Hb
7-9g/dl)
|
36
|
|
Severe (Hb
7-4g/dl)
|
00
|
|
Gestational age
(in weeks)
|
15-20
|
31
|
|
21-25
|
30
|
|
26-30
|
56
|
|
31-35
|
01
|
We observed
a significant rise
in the mean
Hb level from
9.74 ± 0.91
and 10.43 ±
0.38 to 11.49
± 0.84 (p
<0.001) and 11.36
± 1.15 (p
<0.001) in groups
A and B
respectively. The total
cost of tablets
for 60 days
for group A
and B was
Rs. 735.9 and
Rs. 334.8 respectively.
And the improvement
in Hb was
12.5% and 6.6%
for group A
and B. the
average cost- effective
ratio for group
A and B
was Rs. 58.87
and Rs. 50.72
per 1% rise
in Hb which
is given in
table 3.
Table 3: Percentage
improvement in Hb and its
average cost effectiveness
ratio (Rupees per
1% rise in Hb)
|
Groups
|
Haemoglobin level
|
Cost of
therapy for 60
days (Rupees)
|
Average cost
effectiveness ratio
|
|
Mean Hb
before treatment gm%
(SD)
|
Mean Hb
after treatment gm%
(SD)
|
p-value
|
Mean diff
(CI)
|
Improvement (%)
|
|
Group A
(FeA)
|
9.74
(0.91)
|
11.49
(0.84)
|
<0.001
|
1.75
(1.44-2.06)
|
12.5
|
735.9
|
58.87
|
|
Group B
(FeF)
|
10.43
(0.38)
|
11.36
(1.15)
|
<0.001
|
0.93 (0.62-1.23)
|
6.6
|
334.8
|
50.72
|
Figure
1: Comparison of mean
rise in hemoglobin
between group A
and B
There were
notable changes in the RBC
count, Hct, MCV,
MCHC, MCH and
RDW parameters from
the baseline to
the end of the treatment
in both the
groups given in
table 4 and
table 5.
Table 4: Mean improvement
in RBC count,
Hct, MCV levels
before and after
treatment
|
Parameters
|
Groups
|
Mean before
treatment (SD)
|
Mean after
treatment (SD)
|
p-value
|
|
RBC
count (million/mm3)
|
Group
A (FeA)
|
4.23
(0.54)
|
4.37
(0.59)
|
0.09
|
|
Group
B (FeF)
|
4.07(0.47)
|
4.23
(0.48)
|
0.04
|
|
Hct
(vol%)
|
Group
A (FeA)
|
30.21
(3.85)
|
34.34
(4.09)
|
<0.001
|
|
Group
B (FeF)
|
31.49
(4.57)
|
34.59
(4.95)
|
<0.001
|
|
MCV
(fL)
|
Group
A (FeA)
|
72.62
(10.36)
|
77.14
(8.79)
|
<0.001
|
|
Group
B (FeF)
|
78.13
(10.11)
|
81.2
(7.52)
|
<0.001
|
Table 5: Mean improvement
in MCHC, MCH
and RDW levels
before and after
treatment
|
Parameters
|
Groups
|
Mean before
treatment (SD)
|
Mean after
treatment (SD)
|
p-value
|
|
MCH (pg)
|
Group A
(FeA)
|
23.85 (4.18)
|
26.57 (3.68)
|
<0.001
|
|
Group B
(FeF)
|
27.41 (5.51)
|
29.55 (6.33)
|
<0.001
|
|
MCHC (g/dl)
|
Group A
(FeA)
|
32.22 (3.38)
|
33.21 (1.54)
|
0.02
|
|
Group B
(FeF)
|
32.71 (3.72)
|
33.32 (3.34)
|
0.007
|
|
RDW-CV (%)
|
Group A
(FeA)
|
18.66 (6.87)
|
15.18 (3.65)
|
<0.001
|
|
Group B
(FeF)
|
15.26 (2.76)
|
14.45 (3.51)
|
0.105
|
Figure 2: Comparison of
mean RDW-CV between
group A and B
There were
no serious side
effects or hypersensitivity due
to the medication
during the study
period, only few
subjects showed minor
GI side-effects such
as nausea, vomiting
etc (table 6).
ferrous fumarate group
showed slightly more
side effects than
that of ferrous
ascorbate group but
there was not
much significant difference
between the groups
(p=1.00).
Table 6: Number of
subjects who showed
adverse effects the
study period in
each group
|
Groups
|
No. of
subjects with no
adverse effects
|
Gastrointestinal adverse
effects
|
Hypersensitivity
|
p-value
|
|
Group A
(FeA)
|
48
|
7
|
0
|
1.00
|
|
Group B
(FeF)
|
52
|
11
|
0
|
Figure 3: Comparison of
side effects between
group A and B
All the
subjects were counselled
regarding iron deficiency
anaemia and the
importance to take
proper iron rich
foods, medications and
the complications before
the start of
the treatment. The
subjects throughout the
study period showed
perfect adherence, with
no missed doses
reported.
DISCUSSION
Anaemia is
common during pregnancy
and it has
a significant impact
on the mother
and fetal health,
if not taken
care can lead
to severe complications.[8]
The
treatment with
ferrous ascorbate and
ferrous fumarate showed
a significant rise
in the haemoglobin
levels by 1.75
and 0.93 gm%.
The rise in
haemoglobin was significant
in ferrous ascorbate
group. On comparing
the average cost
effectiveness ratio ferrous
fumarate was cost
effective with a
ratio of Rs.50.72
per % increase
in haemoglobin. There
were no serious
adverse effects observed
during the study
period except for
minor GI side
effects.
A study
done by Murugesan
et al., in
2022, compared four
iron supplements (ferrous
sulfate, ferrous ascorbate,
ferrous fumarate and
inj. Iron sucrose)
where they observed
ferrous ascorbate showed
less improvement in
Hb compared to
that of ferrous
fumarate. But in
this study ferrous
ascorbate showed significant
improvement in Hb
compared to ferrous
fumarate.[8]
A study
done by Eesha
et al., in
2015, showed that
ferrous fumarate was
cost effective compared
to ferrous ascorbate
and iron polymaltose
complex. This study
showed similar results
where ferrous fumarate
is cost effective
compared to ferrous
ascorbate.[11]
In iron
deficiency anaemia the
RDW levels will
be more compared
to the other
RBC indices which
will be low
in iron deficiency
anaemia. This is
because the RDW
indicates the variance
in the shape
and size of
the RBC cells.
If RDW levels
are high then
it indicates that
there is variance
in the shape
and size of
the RBC cells
(Anisopoikilocytosis).
In this
study, we also
compared the mean
difference between the
RDW levels before
and after the
treatment in both
group A and
B. There was
significant change in the RDW
levels in group
A after the
treatment.
As per
the study done
by Murugesan et
al., ferrous fumarate
show high adverse
effects (GI side
effects) compared to
the other drugs.
This study showed
similar results where
ferrous fumarate has
high side effects
compared to ferrous
ascorbate.[8]
CONCLUSION
The outcome
of this study
proved that the
iron supplements can
effectively improve the
Hb levels when
taken regularly as
advised by the
physician. However, ferrous
ascorbate showed significant
improvement in the
haemoglobin concentration compared
to that of
ferrous fumarate with
less side effects.
On analysing the
cost effectiveness ratio,
it was found
that the cost
incurred per increase
in Hb% was
less in ferrous
fumarate group compared
to ferrous ascorbate.
This study can
be helpful in
selecting a effective
and safe treatment
for iron deficiency
anaemia in pregnant
women.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: We are
thankful to the
healthcare workers of
Arundhati Institute of
Medical Sciences and
Hospital, Dundigal, Gandimaisamma, Medchal
Makagiri, Telangana, India.
SOURCE OF SUPPORT: The author(s)
received no financial
support for the
research, authorship, and/publication of
this article.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST: The author(s)
declared no potential
conflicts of interest
with respect to
the research, authorship,
and/or publication of
this article.
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